Training and development refer to activities designed to enhance the skills, knowledge, and capabilities of individuals within an organization. These activities aim to improve an individual's performance, productivity, and effectiveness in their current role or to prepare them for future responsibilities.

Research and development (R&D) refers to the process of investigating, experimenting, and innovating to create new products, services, or processes or improve existing ones. R&D activities are typically carried out by organizations, including businesses, government agencies, and academic institutions, to advance their knowledge and capabilities.